Physics of Cryogenics

Physics of Cryogenics: An Ultralow Temperature Phenomenon discusses the significant number of advances that have been made during the last few years in a variety of cryocoolers, such as Brayton, Joule-Thomson, Stirling, pulse tube, Gifford-McMahon and magnetic refrigerators. The book reviews various approaches taken to improve reliability, a major driving force for new research areas. The advantages and disadvantages of different cycles are compared, and the latest improvements in each of these cryocoolers is discussed. The book starts with the thermodynamic fundamentals, followed by the definition of cryogenic and the associated science behind low temperature phenomena and properties. This book is an ideal resource for scientists, engineers and graduate and senior undergraduate students who need a better understanding of the science of cryogenics and related thermodynamics.

Prof. Bahman Zohuri is an accomplished scientist, engineer, and academic with deep expertise in nuclear engineering, thermodynamics, and applied physics. He serves as an Adjunct Professor at Golden Gate University, where he teaches courses in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Prof. Zohuri holds degrees in Applied Mathematics, Physics, Mechanical Engineering, and Nuclear Engineering from institutions including the University of Illinois and the University of New Mexico. Early in his career, he contributed to advanced research projects at Westinghouse, and later in defense and semiconductor industries, before founding Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc. in 1991. Over his career, Prof. Zohuri has authored dozens of technical books and published over a hundred journal articles. He continues to pursue research in fields such as heat transfer, reactor design, computational methods, data mining, and AI-driven engineering solutions.

1. Cryogenics Technologies2. Properties of Pure Substances3. Mixtures4. Work and Heat5. First Law of Thermodynamics6. Second Law of Thermodynamics7. The Kinetic Theory of Gases8. Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Exergy (Availability)9. Gas Kinetic Theory of Entropy10. Thermodynamic Relations11. Heat Transfer12. Concept of Cryogenic, Basic Principles13. Transport Properties of Solids at Cryogenic State14. Cryogenic Equipment, Systems, and Applications Appendix A: Tables and Properties of Solids and Fluids at Cryogenic State