Blake, Lavater, and Physiognomy

"William Blake never travelled to the continent, yet his creation myth is far more European than has ever been acknowledged. The painter Henry Fuseli introduced Blake to traditional European thinking, and Blake responded to late 18th century body-theory in his Urizen books (1794-95), which emerged from his professional work as a copy-engraver on Henry Hunter's translation of Johann Caspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy (1789-98). Lavater's work contains hundreds of portraits and their physiognomical readings. Blake, Fuseli, Joshua Reynolds and their contemporaries took a keen interest in the ideas behind physiognomy in their search for the right balance between good likeness and type in portraits. Blake, Lavater, and Physiognomy demonstrates how the problems occurring during the production of the Hunter translation resonate in Blake's treatment of the Genesis story. Blake takes us back to the creation of the human body, and interrogates the idea that 'God created man after his own likeness.' He introduces the 'Net of Religion', a device which presses the human form into material shape, giving it personality and identity. As Erle shows, Blake's startlingly original take on the creation myth is informed by Lavater's pursuit of physiognomy: the search for divine likeness, traced in the faces of their contemporary men."

Sibylle Erle

1. Introduction 2. From Idea to Parameter: Good Copies 3. From Face to Vision: Good Likeness 4. From Face to Vision: Measuring the Soul 5. From Text to Image: Friendship and Memory in Aphorisms on Man 6. From Text to Image: Physiognomy and Embodiment in Aphorisms on Man 7. From Physiognomische Fragmente to Essays on Physiognomy: Editing 8. From Genesis to Blake's Creation Myth: Editing 9. Conclusion