Advanced Controls for Intelligent Buildings

The book focuses on technical and business aspects needed to select, design, develop and deploy control application successfully for multiple components in building systems. It provides guidance on developing an end-to-end system in relation to business fundamentals (distribution channels, marketing, supply-chain and financial management).

Dr. Siddharth Goyal is currently working as the Director of Data Science Team at Divisions Maintenance Group (DMG). His professional experience ranges from research to product development, product management, strategy, technical leadership, and cross-functional team management. Previous experience includes key positions at LG Electronics, Johnson Controls, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Florida, National University of Singapore, Indian Institute of Science, Reliance Energy, and GE Motors. He has worked in multiple domains such as energy systems, intelligent buildings, software applications, artificial intelligence, aircraft and satellites, power plants, and robotics. In the past decade, his focus is tackling business challenges through technology in the smart buildings industry. Dr. Goyal holds a Ph.D. and an M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Florida, and a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College. He has published numerous peer-reviewed papers in international conferences and journals. He has also submitted more than half a dozen patents on multiple new technologies and applications in the industry.

1 Building Systems 1.1 Introduction and Motivation 1.2 Building Types 1.2.1 Residential 1.2.2 Commercial 1.3 Building Systems 1.3.1 Overview: System Components and Functionality 1.3.2 HVAC Systems 1.3.2.1 AHU Systems 1.3.2.2 In-room Terminal Units 1.3.2.3 Heat Pumps 1.3.2.4 VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Systems 1.4 Control System Architecture 1.5 Moving toward the Future: Smart/Intelligent Buildings 2 Sensing 2.1 Background and Overview 2.1.1 Characteristics 2.1.2 Analog vs. Digital 2.2 Virtual Sensors 2.2.1 Analytical 2.2.2 Empirical 2.3 Sensors Types and Availability in Buildings 2.3.1 Temperature Sensors 2.3.2 Pressure Sensors 2.3.3 Flow Rate Sensors 2.3.4 Speed Sensor 2.3.5 Electrical Sensors 2.3.6 Humidity Sensors 2.3.7 Light Sensors 2.3.8 Occupancy/Motion Sensors 2.3.9 Security Sensors 2.3.10 Air Quality Sensors 2.3.11 Outdoor Environmental Sensors 2.3.12 Position Sensors 2.3.13 Safety Sensors 2.3.14 Meters or Usage Sensors 2.3.15 Tracking Sensors 2.3.16 Other Sensors 3 Modeling 3.1 Modeling Approaches 3.1.1 White Box 3.1.2 Black Box 3.1.3 Grey Box 3.2 Modeling Process 3.2.1 Model Types 3.2.2 Order Reduction and Approximation 3.2.3 Calibration and Validation 3.3 Components and Systems 3.3.1 Fan 3.3.2 Chiller 3.3.3 Heat Exchanger 3.3.4 Pump 3.3.5 Damper 3.3.6 Thermal Models 3.3.7 Moisture and Humidity 3.3.8 Simulation Tools 3.4 Model Selection 4 Control 4.1 Control Product Types 4.2 Value of Control in Buildings 4.3 Control Approach 4.3.1 Centralized 4.3.2 Decentralized 4.3.3 Distributed 4.3.4 Hierarchical 4.3.4.1 Supervisory Control (SC) 4.4 Control Algorithms/Strategies 4.4.1 Bang-bang Control 4.4.2 Rule/Event-based Control 4.4.3 Finite State Machine (FSM) 4.4.4 PID (Proportional-integral-derivative) Control 4.4.5 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 4.4.6 Adaptive Control 4.4.6.1 Parameter Tuning 4.4.6.2 Reference Tuning 4.4.7 Economic control 4.4.8 Miscellaneous 4.5 Optimal Selection of Controls 5 Testing and Deployment 5.1 Test Bed Design 5.1.1 Simulation 5.1.2 Hardware-in-loop (HIL) 5.1.2.1 Controller-in-loop (CIL) 5.1.2.2 Equipment-in-loop (EIL) 5.1.3 Laboratory Testing 5.1.4 Field Demonstration 5.2 Product vs. Prototype vs. POC 5.3 Testing Methodology 5.3.1 Module-level 5.3.2 System-level 5.3.3 Feature-level 5.3.4 Other testing 5.4 Validation Mechanism 5.4.1 Eye-ball 5.4.2 Semi-automated 5.4.3 Fully-automated 5.5 Validation Criteria 5.6 Creating a Powerful Testing Infrastructure 5.7 Deployment 5.7.1 Packaging 5.7.2 Installation 5.7.3 Automatic Binding 5.7.4 Tracking 5.7.5 Update and Maintain 6 Control Use Cases, Artificial Intelligence, and Internet of Things 6.1 Control Use Cases 6.1.1 Precooling and Preheating 6.1.2 Ice/Cold-water Storage System 6.1.3 Duct Static Pressure Reset 6.1.4 Optimal Start/Stop 6.1.5 Night Purge Ventilation 6.1.6 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) 6.1.7 Temperature Setback 6.1.7.1 Domestic Hot Water Temperature Reset 6.1.7.2 Zone Temperature Reset 6.1.7.3 SA Temperature Reset 6.1.7.4 Refrigeration/Freeze Temperature Reset 6.1.8 Daylight Harvesting 6.1.9 Automatic Lights Shutoff 6.1.10 Light Dimming 6.1.11 Occupancy-based Control 6.1.12 Natural Heating and Cooling 6.1.13 High-traffic Elevator Control 6.1.14 Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) 6.1.15 Building-to-Grid Integration 6.1.15.1 Peak Shaving and Load Shifting 6.1.15.2 Community-level Resource Coordination 6.1.15.3 Frequency Regulation Service 6.1.15.4 Demand Response Programs 6.1.16 Retrofit Measures 6.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) 6.2.1 Role of AI and ML in Building Controls 6.3 IoT and Controls 6.3.1 Why Is IoT Attractive Now? 6.3.2 IoT Components 6.3.2.1 Big Data Handling 6.3.2.2 Communication Network and Protocol 6.3.2.3 Device Management 6.3.2.4 Platform 6.3.2.5 Data Privacy and Security 6.3.2.6 Applications and Use Cases 6.3.3 IoT Value and Opportunities in Buildings 6.3.4 IoT Challenges in Buildings 7 Stakeholders and Channels 7.1 Stakeholders 7.1.1 Occupant 7.1.2 Tenant 7.1.3 Owner 7.1.4 Facility Manager 7.1.5 Building Engineer and Building Operator 7.1.6 Consultant 7.1.7 Contractor 7.1.8 Brokers/Representatives 7.1.9 Technician 7.1.10 Utility and Government 7.1.11 Other 7.2 Distribution Channel 7.2.1 Direct Channel 7.2.2 Indirect Channel 7.2.3 Hybrid Channel 7.3 Channel Power and Conflicts 8 Product Marketing Management 8.1 Product Research and Segmentation 8.1.1 Product Market Research 8.1.2 Customer Segmentation and Targeting 8.1.3 Market Adoption Behavior 8.2 Competitive Analysis and Product Positioning 8.2.1 Positioning and Competitive Advantage 8.2.2 Monitoring Competition 8.2.3 Growth Strategy 8.3 Product Strategy 8.3.1 Product Selection and Introduction 8.3.2 Project Management 8.3.3 Pricing Strategies 8.3.4 Advertising 8.3.5 Product Stages 8.3.6 Attract and Retain Customers 8.4 Industry Characteristics 8.4.1 Life Cycle Stage 8.4.2 Market Volatility 8.4.3 Regulation and Policy 8.4.4 Barrier-to-entry and Investment Requirement 8.4.5 Competition and Concentration Level 8.4.6 Globalization 8.4.7 Technology Progressiveness 8.4.8 Dependency Level 8.4.9 Industry Structure using Porter's Five Forces 8.5 Marketing Challenges and Opportunities in Building Controls 8.6 Growing Trends and Environmental Factors 9 Financial, Cost, and Supply Chain Management 9.1 Financial Concepts 9.1.1 Rate of Return and Interest Rate 9.1.2 Present Value vs. Future Value 9.1.3 Inflation 9.2 Project Selection-A Financial View 9.2.1 Return on Investment 9.2.2 Simple Payback Period 9.2.3 Net Present Value 9.3 Cost Management 9.3.1 Cost of Goods 9.3.1.1 Financial Factors 9.3.1.2 Non-financial Factors 9.3.2 Operational Expenses 9.3.2.1 Automation 9.3.2.2 Outsourcing 9.3.2.3 Workflow and Processes Optimization 9.3.2.4 Technology Adoption 9.4 Supply Chain Management 9.4.1 Supply Chain Management Example: Apple 9.4.2 Supply Chain Evolution: 1.0 to 5.0 9.4.3 Supply Chain Improvement Opportunities 9.4.4 Disruptions Preparation 9.4.5 Industrial Improvement and Impact 10 Controls Business Framework 10.1 Combined Technical and Business Perspective 10.1.1 Strategy and Marketing Management 10.1.2 Financial and Cost Management 10.1.3 Business Scenarios and Use Cases 10.1.4 Control Product/Services Development 10.1.5 Product Testing and Deployment 10.1.6 Building Systems and Iterative Improvement 10.1.7 Market Response and External Factors 10.2 Next-generation Building through Advanced Controls and Applications Alphabetical Index