Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future

Focuses on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels covering physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies Most biomass energy is currently obtained by burning the biomaterial directly. Some of the common biomaterials used this way are wood, charcoal, sawdust, garbage etc. Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future is not mainly concerned in using biomass directly, but rather converting it into gas, liquid or solid fuels in such a way that it is sustainable and non-polluting. Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future scope is not limited to one class of conversion technologies, as regularly seen in other books, but covers the current development and research of the key areas in biomass conversion such as: physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields, Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future features: -           The latest biomass characterization techniques -           Diochemical and thermochemical conversion processes -           The development of integrated biorefineries covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing -           How to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel -           Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examples In addition this book discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing. The main difference between a petroleum refinery and a biorefinery is that the biorefinery uses biological matter as opposed to petroleum or other fossil sources to produce transportation fuels, chemicals, heat and power. Wiebren de Jong is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Process & Energy department. He is involved as senior researcher in several EU and national projects concerning biomass pretreatment, combustion, gasification and biorefinery processes. He is co-author of more than 65 journal papers concerning thermal and chemical conversion of biomass. J. Ruud van Ommen is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Chemical Engineering department. His current research focuses on Scaling up of nanotechnology processes, and monitoring and structuring of catalytic multiphase reactors, especially for energy related processes. He is co-author of more than 80 journal papers, of which about 25 concerning energy technology.

Wiebren de Jong is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Process & Energy department. He is involved as senior researcher in several EU and national projects concerning biomass pretreatment, combustion, gasification and biorefinery processes. He is co-author of more than 65 journal papers concerning thermal and chemical conversion of biomass. J. Ruud van Ommen is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Chemical Engineering department. His current research focuses on Scaling up of nanotechnology processes, and monitoring and structuring of catalytic multiphase reactors, especially for energy related processes. He is co-author of more than 80 journal papers, of which about 25 concerning energy technology.

PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1 1 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3
Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen 1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 4 1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16 1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20 1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 25 1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30 Key Concepts 30 Short-Answer Questions 30 Problems 32 Projects 32 Internet References 33 References 33 2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36
Wiebren de Jong 2.1 Physicochemical Properties 37 2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 42 2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 45 2.4 Inorganic Compounds 49 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 52 2.6 Heating Values 57 2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61 Key Concepts 62 Short-Answer Questions 62 Problems 63 Projects 65 Internet References 65 References 65 PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 69 3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71
Wiebren de Jong 3.1 General Conservation Equation 73 3.2 Conservation of Mass 74 3.3 Conservation of Energy 80 3.4 Conservation of Momentum 90 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92 Key Concepts 92 Short-Answer Questions 93 Problems 93 Projects 95 Internet Reference 96 References 96 4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97
Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 100 4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 103 4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 108 4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124 Key Concepts 124 Short-Answer Questions 125 Problems 125 Projects 127 References 128 5 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129
Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen 5.1 Reaction Kinetics 130 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138 5.3 Catalysis 148 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154 Key Concepts 155 Short-Answer Questions 155 Problems 155 Projects 156 References 158 6 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159
Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen 6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160 6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163 6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167 6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168 6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173 6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180 Key Concepts 181 Short-Answer Questions 181 Problems 181 Project 182 References 183 7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184
Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen 7.1 Scope 186 7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187 7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189 7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192 7.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 195 7.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input-Output Diagram 201 7.7 Division in Subprocesses 206 7.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 207 7.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 212 7.10 Integrating Process Units into the Functional Network 222 7.11 Application Potential 224 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 224 Key Concepts 225 Short-Answer Questions 225 Problems 226 Projects 229 Internet References 229 References 229 PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 231 8 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 233
Wiebren de Jong 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Harvesting and Transport 236 8.3 Storage 241 8.4 Washing 242 8.5 Size Reduction 243 8.6 Particle Size Characterization 247 8.7 Screening and Classification 249 8.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 249 8.9 Compaction Technologies 257 8.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps 261 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261 Key Concepts 261 Short-Answer Questions 262 Problems 263 Projects 264 Internet References 265 References 265 9 Thermochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion 268
Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen 9.1 Introduction 270 9.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 271 9.3 Particle Conversion Modes 273 9.4 Combustion Systems 283 9.5 Emissions 288 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 294 Key Concepts 295 Short-Answer Questions 295 Problems 295 Projects 296 Internet References 296 References 297 10 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298
Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong 10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 300 10.2 A Short History of Gasification 317 10.3 (Co)gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 318 10.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal Biomass Conversion 329 10.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348 Key Concepts 348 Short-Answer Questions 349 Problems 350 Projects 353 Internet References 353 References 353 11 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359
Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 362 11.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 363 11.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 364 11.5 Processes at the Particle Level 368 11.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 371 11.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 374 11.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 377 11.9 Oil Applications 378 11.10 Outlook 380 Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383 Key Concepts 383 Short-Answer Questions 383 Problems 384 Projects 384 Internet References 385 References 385 12 Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 388
Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 389 12.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 392 12.4 Torrefaction Technology 392 12.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 397 12.6 The Future of Torrefaction 398 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 399 Key Concepts 399 Short-Answer Questions 399 Problems 400 Projects 401 References 401 13 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation 403
Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof 13.1 Introduction 404 13.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 406 13.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 417 13.4 Butanol 428 13.5 Diesel-like Products 429 13.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of Fermentative Biofuels 432 13.7 Outlook 436 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437 Key Concepts 438 Short-Answer Questions 438 Problems 438 Projects 439 References 439 14 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion 441
Robbert Kleerebezem 14.1 Introduction 442 14.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 443 14.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 453 14.4 Process Engineering 454 14.5 Outlook and Discussion 463 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 466 Key Concepts 466 Short-Answer Questions 466 Problems 467 Project 467 References 468 15 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469
Wiebren de Jong 15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Difference with an Oil Refinery? 470 15.2 Types of Biorefineries 474 15.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts: Basic Methods for Assessing Investments and Cost Prices 481 15.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493 Key Concepts 493 Short-Answer Questions 493 Problems 494 Projects 497 Internet References 500 References 500 PART IV END USES 503 16 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 505
P.V. Aravind and Ming Liu 16.1 Introduction 506 16.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 507 16.3 Biomass Gasifier-SOFC Combination 512 16.4 Concluding Remarks 520 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520 Key Concepts 521 Short-Answer Questions 521 Problems 521 Projects 522 Internet References 522 References 523 17 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525
J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink 17.1 Introduction 526 17.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 527 17.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 535 17.4 Methanol Synthesis 537 17.5 Comparison of the Different Options 538 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 540 Key Concepts 540 Short-Answer Questions 541 Problems 541 Projects 544 Internet References 545 References 545 18 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass 547
Isabel W.C.E. Arends 18.1 Introduction 548 18.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 548 18.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 553 18.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules into Biobased Fuel Additives 557 18.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a Range of Alkanes 564 18.6 Future Generations of Biofuel 566 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 566 Key Concepts 567 Short-Answer Questions 567 Problems 568 Projects 568 Internet References 568 References 569 INDEX 571